My Reflection for Week 10

For this week, our lecturer do revision for us about topic which is content of curriculum and pedagogy. So, from this revision which is our lecturer give advice to  us for understand each of the topic and there is not only for our examination but it is also for our future being a good teacher. I also appreciate of our lecturer madam Soinim binti Musa because most give more detail about the curriculum and pedagogy and I am proud to have lecturer like her because she try to delivery in overall about what she want to delivery for her student. Thanks for all you have done for us, madam soinim.

My reflection Week 9

My Reflection for Week 9

Topic 8: Curriculum Implementation (Developing Curriculum)

Under this topic, which is  related with the later topic that I was discuss. But, in this topic, we will focus on the implementing curriculum refer to develop curriculum. There are few question on implementing curriculum which is that we are looking in this topic. There are includes what the component we want to determine in our curriculum?what the content of curriculum? how to select the content?how content are organized? and what the criteria for selecting content?

1) Curriculum component:

- In curriculum component which is that we determine what the subject matter is crucial to learn and how to select our subject which appropriate for children. Other than that, we should determine what is essential to know to be successful citizen and what the student need and interest.

2) Curriculum Content

- For the curriculum content,the knowledge that teacher want to delivery for children  as a dynamic and evolutionary which is fulfill needs for children. Other than that, the knowledge results or outcome  from a structuring and constructing of perceived realities. which is make the activities more interesting. Then, the knowledge should give children learning experiences that will use in the future.

3)How  to select content?

- It addresses in  overall of children's development such as cognitive, social &psychological dimensions of the individual student. There is describe on what children was learned.

-What is the content?

It is facts, concept, generalization, and theories which are similar to disciplined knowledge. and for non disciplined is like environment that concern on the advancement of understanding.

5) How content are organized?

- Organized based on theories

-organized into domains

- should be systematic, practicality

6) What criteria for selecting content?

• self-sufficiently which is to maximize teaching effort and educational resources, subject matters are generalize ability.
• Significance which is the knowledge that could contribute meaningfully to students
• Validity which is the content selected should be authentic and not absolute or incorrect.
• Interest which is the learner centered design noted that students are interested in the knowledge when it is meaningful to his or her life.
• Utility which is concern on the usefulness of thee contents.
• learningability which is this criterion relates to the optimal placement and appropriate organization and searching of contents.

My Reflection on Our Group assignment

My Reflection On Designing Curriculum

Assalamualaikum and Hi everyone ...

This is my reflection on the subject of Curriculum and Pedagogy. During I studied the subject, to do the assignment of individual tasks in a blog, then  the second task is in the group that is designing the curriculum.

When designing the curriculum, I learned how a teacher should strive to produce a curriculum that can be implemented not only as a student but as an activity for children learning content.
The first stage is I need to have expert groups and finally in my group there were only two members of group which is my own and also Nur Amira Binti Rojumin.

Step of designing:

• Briefing
• Find Sources to get information such as through book, articles, and website
• Identify what our aim, goal and objective in provide the curriculum.
• Identify on how to implement such as content, what the appropriate approaches we want to use in our curriculum
• Through lecture session, we try to understand and find out more of information of curriculum theory and practice
• Gathered the information obtained to ensure that they are interrelated
• Given part for easy to finish the curriculum design
• Discuss the part we have done for evaluate the appropriate of the curriculum, or should enhance the curriculum design.
• After finish all step, we will submit our assignment group.

This is the simple step our group use and plan. We try do the best in our assignment even there were only two members in the group but we happy do and cooperate together. For me, through this assignment,  I was learned about the important of planning instruction, understand of children need and interest and also the society and cultural, then I know the important of foundation of curriculum which being our referring on selected the content, approach, method, and how to evaluate our curriculum for achieve our goal in education for young children, especially.

My Reflection Week 8

Reflection Week 8

Topic 7: Curriculum Theory and Practice

In this topic which explain under the article the advantages and disadvantages of four ways of approaches based on curriculum  theory and practice.

Four Ways:

• Curriculum as a body of knowledge to be transmitted

- The word 'syllabus' from the Greek Language

- In Malaysia education, the examination such as UPSR,  PMR, SPM, STPM, Practicum) to evaluate students development.

• Curriculum as product which is as an attempt to achieve certain ends in students as a product.

- The real purpose of education is to bring about significant changes in the students pattern of behavior. It is also will change children behavior such as from they did not know how to do something, then after the lesson they will know how the process.

Advantages:

- systematic of learning

- Also has considerable 'organizing power' which is children learn from the curriculum.

- Objectives of this ways or approaches is focus on change of children behavior.

Disadvantages:

- Almost in overall focus on children behavior

- Children develop their behavior through curriculum and difficult for them to explore.

- Successful or not depends on the children achievement 

- Difficulties of measurement the children behavior.

• Curriculum as a process

- Seen as the interaction between teachers, students and knowledge.

- It is also about what actually happens.

Stenhouse on Curriculum

- In planning:

• selection the content
• develop teaching strategy
• principles for the making of decisions about the sequence which is choose subject or content in thematic approaches.
• Diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of individual students and also taught how to enhance them after the analysis.

Empirical study 

• Evaluate progress and development of students.
• Evaluate the teachers for more masterly in course such as a training.
• Implementing curriculum in varying school context, students context and environment.
• Compare with other school for enhance the curriculum and how to achieve the goal.

Disadvantages of curriculum as a process:

• depending more in objectives
• place thinking at its core and treat students.
• High concern on exam and children assessment which will affect of children learning.
• Process learning depend on quality of teacher to achieve the goal.

• Curriculum as a Praxis which is select approach to implement the curriculum.

- The pedagogy goes beyond the learning experiences of the learner.

- Always identify children reflection.

• Curriculum in context

- What actually happens in classrooms, an ongoing social process comprised of the integration  of students, teachers, and knowledge  Milleu' (1990.5)

- In contrast, Stenhouse defines curriculum as the attempt do describes what happens in classrooms rather than what actually occurs.

My Reflection Week 7

Reflection for Week 7 : 

Topic 6 : Social Foundation of Curriculum

In this topic was discussed about the historical foundation of curriculum. This topic is most important for us in create and design of curriculum because as a teacher, not only focus on teaching and learning methods or what we want to implement but it is also must explore more about the society of students. Before design the curriculum, we must identify what the society and cultural in the school and then we know what the appropriate curriculum will we implement and what the new exist in the school which based on children needs and interest.

Historical Foundation of Curriculum:

• Franklin Bobbit
• Werret Charters
• William Kilpatrick
• Harold Rugg
• Hollis Caswell
• Ralph Taylor

Social Foundation of Education:

• Affect and shapes school on their curricula
• Should address diversity, explosion of knowledge, reform for all to reflect a preserver the culture of society.
• Society should also consume the change brought about by the formal institution called school. This is more about the discipline, rules and approach which teacher will apply for children.

Influenced of society & culture

• Related with the inhibit change through tradition
• Rate and direction of change
• correspond to social change
• Apply pressure through society demand

Society Change:

• Science and technology which is from exploration and experiment.
• Improve communication such as the other language will learn in school curricula such as English language.
• Population explosions
• Social mobility
• Value crisis
• Subject matter related to event such as national day, ethnics celebration and others.
• Accountability

Reflection Week 6

Topic 5

Curriculum Design

Assalamualaikum and Hi everyone..
In the sixth week, I have been studying the topic of curriculum design. This topic is a topic that is very important for our group assignments because this topic has been discussed how and what to do before and during curriculum design appropriate and meet the requirements of the course we have chosen. Through this topic, various criteria must be so designed curriculum is well planned and achieve the implementation.
    This topic will also discuss how we should formulate the elements contained in the curriculum into a substantive entity. In drafting the curriculum should make a list of the need to ensure that every important thing that needs to be made and identified and that should be implemented at once can make sure we can fulfil any order or plan implementation.
Among the elements - elements that should be included in curriculum design are:

A) Basic Curriculum Components:

1) Curriculum aim, goals and objectives
- This is the important thing must be applying in curriculum design. Before designing the curriculum, we must identify the objectives and goals of the curriculum we create something. It's very important because without goals and objectives, it is such a thing without direction and no milestones to be achieved.

2) Content
- This part is also about what the subject matter we want to apply in our curriculum. This is related with what core or strand we want use or implement in our curriculum of early childhood which is the course of our group chosen.

3) Learning Experience
- This is about the strategies of implementation such as what the instructions, activity and resources which will employed.

4) Evaluation
- This component is about how to observe , classified and evaluate the curriculum which are implementation. For example, by using checklist or anecdotal record to observe children development and classified the appropriate component to evaluate the children development.

B) Theoretical Framework

- Theoretical framework is refer to all of the basic curriculum component are related and must are  linked to ensure all of the component are interrelated.

C) Source of Curriculum Design

1)  Science as a source

- In science, various of knowledge which have to explore, problem solving, process and also the reality learning.

2) Society as a source

- Curriculum is an agent of society and design to serve the broad social interests of society.

3) External and Divined source

- Should be intended to perpetuate society 

4) Knowledge as a Source

- One of the prime sources of curriculum such as disciplined knowledge is unique and undisciplined knowledge is more refer to training.

 5) The learner as a source

- Identify the learners needs, emphasized "learning by doing", based on cognitive research.

D) How to consider the curriculum??

1) Scope

- breadth, content, topics, and learning experiences, integration and interrelated of knowledge within the curriculum.

2) Sequence

- implementation of curriculum in vertical relationship and by arrange the part. For  example, from the simple, medium then to complex task are given. It si also continuity and have a chronological.

3) Articulation

- lost knowledge which is just taught but not related to other learning or lessons. It is also an inter-relatedness of various aspects of the  curriculum.

4) Balance

- Appropriate weight be given to each aspect of the design.

5)  Representative curriculum design

- Student centered which is student's discover.

- Learner centered is based on student live emphasized of needs, interest and empowerment.

- Problem centered is focuses on problem  of living and society such as work, oral work, critical thinking, project, experiments, demonstration.

My reflection: This topic is very important for every educator in drafting the curriculum to be implemented for early childhood education. each component-critical components should be identified and should take care of various aspects such as needs and interests and resources that should be used in order to achieve implementation. In addition, as a curriculum designer must take into consideration various aspects of comprehensive and more effective.

Reflection week 5

Reflection for Week 5 in Topic 4:

Psychological Foundation of Curriculum

 From the topic 4, I was learned about the psychological foundation of the curriculum which is more related with how people learn. It is also a question on why do learners respond, what are the impact of cultural experiences on student learning, who should organized the curriculum to enhance student learning and also about what impact does the school have on students learning culture. All of the question is was discussed by the three major theories of learning. There are include of  behaviorist psychology, cognitive psychology, and phenomenological & humanistic psychology.

1) Behaviorist Psychology

 Thorndike was founded which is focus his work on testing the relationship between a stimulus and a response. Behavior that has a strengthening treatment will make it into something familiar. John Watson states learning was based on the science of behavior, what was observable on measurable and not on cognitive processes. Behavioral psychology is also describes five of learning outcomes that can be observed and measured which enclose all the domains of learning such as intellectual skills, information, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes. 

2) Cognitive Psychology

• Jean Piaget       

- Presuppose a maturation process in the sense that detriment is a continuation and is based on previous growth. The first learning stages is assimilation which is the incorporation of new experiences into existing experiences. Then,in the accommodation stage is children learning the existing cognitive structures are modified and adapted in response to his or her environment. On the equilibration stage is the process of achieving balance between those things that were previously understood and those yet to be understand.                                                                   

 

• Taylor's Methods of organizing learning experiences:

1) Continuity - learning process must ongoing

2) Sequence   - learning process from simple to medium then to complex

3) Integration - learning process is refers  to relationship of curriculum experiences which is include more strand such as teach in language subject but it is also integrated with the early science and math subject.

• The process of learning suggested by Bruner

1) Acquisition        - related on Jean Piaget which is the grasping of new information.

2) Transformation  - the individuals capacity to process information and to go beyond it such 

                                  as children know how to do something and teach others.

3) Evaluation          - the determination of whether information has been processed in a way

                                  that renders it appropriate for dealing with particular

• Lawrence Kohlberg

1) Preconvention level    - Children have not yet develop a sense of right or wrong

2) Conventional level      - Children are concerned about what other people think of them

2) Post convention level  - Children morality is based on what people feel or on their perception 

                                           of authority.

• Vygotsky ( Zone of Proximal Development)

3) Phenomenological and humanistic psychology

• Goleman  - developed emotional intelligence, interpersonal intelligence &                                                      intrapersonal intelligence. Constructivism, problem solving & creative thinking
• Deweys                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
• James Conant   - defines the problem solving approach as a series of 6 steps which is recognizing the problem, formulating objective, collecting relevant information, hypothesis, deducing from hypothesis and the last step is using test by actual trial.                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
• Maslows

During my class, our lecture give task which is find out more about the behaviorist theory of learning, Jean Piaget stage of cognitive development, Lawrence Kohlberg, Vygotsky, Howard Gardner and Maslow theory of human need hierarchy. This task is important for student to understand more about the theories and it is also give me to find out what the appropriate theory should I apply in our assignment which is design our own curriculum. After that, my friend and I was discuss our assignment group.

My Reflections Week 4

Topic 3 : Philosophical Foundation Of Curriculum

In this topics are related to the philosophies that underlie the curriculum, beginning in the making, creating and developing curricula. According to John Goodland was described philosophical is a beginning point in curriculum decision making and the basis for all subsequent decision regarding curriculum. Through by Tylers view of philosophy in relationship to school purpose. School purpose is included as studies of learners, use of philosophy, use of psychology of learning, studies of contemporary life and also as suggestions from the subject specialists.  There are four major of philosophies which is idealism, realism, pragmatism and existentialism.

Four Major Of Philosophies

1) Idealism

- Considered oldest philosophies which this philosophies is a highest aim that search for the truth and values that will stand the test of time. Idealism is more about truth and values which is absolute, timeless and universal, and also believe in reasons. This philosophies also sharing idea and great work that are universal. Idealist also put a lot of focus on lecture, discussion and imitation. Idealism is more of teaching approach and lecturer centered.

2) Realism                                                                                                                

- Realism is realists highly recommended the use of scientific investigation and senses in order to learn. It is more making decision and view from the realistic and also focus on the physical world, arguing that reality, knowledge and value exist independent of the mind. Student learn from the  direct approach which is that exercise the mind and that cultivate rational thought are stressed. The realism curriculum  is also includes reading, writing, arithmatic, ethical, political, economic thought and has organized separate subject.

3) Pragmatism 

- Focus on the ideas of change which is believe that knowing represents an exchange between the learners and the environment. Pragmatism is also believe that truth and values are always changing because the people who are have those values change with the surrounding environment. Then, pragmatists thought the most important thing for schools to teach is how to question, what we know and how to reconstruct what we know to match the changing world. There is also more carefully on solving problems and less on large amount of information. The pragmatism curriculum is views teaching as more exploratory than explanatory which is exploratory give chance to student get more information and learn a new knowledge from their experience from the exploratory, but with explanatory is only explanation and so limited information or image student can get from the learning approach.

4) Existentialism

- This philosophies is more stress in individualism and personal self fulfillment. The philosophies is prefer to free learner to choose what to study and determine what is truth. Reality is determine by an individuals experiences and choices create a uniquely personal worldview and effect their perception of reality and recognized few standards, customs or traditions. Student will have chances  on make decision on their life and can define themselves through how they live their lives. The existentialism curriculum is included consists of experiences and subjects that lend themselves to philosophical dialogue and acts of choice making literature, drama, film making and art. The classroom would be provides more materials for the experimentation, methods and media.

Educational Philosophies

Educational Philosophies	Basic of Philosophies	Aim of Philosophies	Knowledge of Philosophies	Role of Teacher
Perennialism	Realism	To educate the rational person	Focus on past and permanent	Helps students to think rationales.
Essentialism	Realism and idealism	To promote intellectual growth and educates the competent person.	Essentials skill, master of concepts and principles	Authority in the field
Progressivism	Pragmatism	To provide democratic, social living	Growth and development, living learning process, focus on active and relevant learning.	Guide student -          Based on student interest
Reconstructism	Pragmatism	To improve and construct society.	Education for change and social reform.	Agent of change and reform through case study, involve student for social responsibilities. -          Social research methods -